上帝、自由与恶

普兰丁格对神义论问题的经典解答，被誉为二十世纪分析哲学在基督教神学应用上的杰出范例。面对"全善全能的上帝为何允许恶的存在"这一古老难题，普兰丁格运用可能世界语义学的工具，论证上帝创造包含道德恶的世界与其全善性并不矛盾。这一自由意志辩护论对传统神义论提供了新的哲学基础，影响深远。

Plantinga's classic resolution to the problem of theodicy, hailed as an outstanding example of twentieth-century analytical philosophy applied to Christian theology. Facing the ancient challenge of "why an all-good, all-powerful God permits evil," Plantinga employs tools from possible-world semantics to argue that God's creation of a world containing moral evil does not contradict His perfect goodness. This free will defense provides new philosophical foundations for traditional theodicy, with far-reaching influence.