如果没有上帝，道德从何而来？
Without God, where does morality come from?
简答 Short Answer
没有上帝，道德就没有客观基础，只剩下个人偏好和社会共识。但我们内心深处都知道有些事是绝对错误的（如虐待儿童），这种普遍的道德直觉指向一个超越人类的道德立法者。
Without God, morality has no objective foundation, only personal preference and social consensus. But we all know deep down some things are absolutely wrong (like child abuse). This universal moral intuition points to a moral Lawgiver beyond humanity.
详细解答 Detailed Answer
这是哲学和护教学中最有力的论证之一，被称为「道德论证」。
如果没有上帝，道德只能来自两个来源：个人偏好或社会共识。但这两者都站不住脚。
如果道德只是个人偏好，那「我觉得偷东西没错」就和「我觉得偷东西不对」一样有效。希特勒「觉得」种族灭绝是对的，你凭什么说他错了？如果没有客观标准，道德判断就毫无意义。
如果道德只是社会共识，那纳粹德国的社会共识就使大屠杀成为「道德」的。但我们知道不是——即使全社会都同意，某些事仍然是错的。这说明道德标准在社会之上。
鲁益师在《返璞归真》中观察到：全世界每个文化都有基本的道德共识——不能无故杀人、不能偷盗、应该信守承诺。这种普遍的「道德律」不是进化能解释的（进化只关心生存，不关心公义），而是指向一个道德的立法者。
保罗在罗马书中说，即使没有听过上帝律法的外邦人，「是非之心同作见证」（罗2:15）——良心是上帝刻在每个人心中的道德律。
这不是说无神论者不能做好人（他们当然能）。而是说，如果没有上帝，「好」这个词就没有客观意义。无神论者可以活出道德的生活，但他们的世界观无法为道德提供根基。
This is one of philosophy's and apologetics' most powerful arguments, called the Moral Argument.
Without God, morality can only come from personal preference or social consensus. Neither holds up.
If morality is personal preference, then I think stealing is fine is as valid as I think stealing is wrong. Hitler thought genocide was right. On what grounds can you say he was wrong? Without an objective standard, moral judgments are meaningless.
If morality is social consensus, then Nazi Germany's consensus made the Holocaust moral. But we know it wasn't. Even if all society agrees, some things remain wrong. Moral standards are above society.
C.S. Lewis observed in Mere Christianity that every culture shares basic moral consensus: no unprovoked killing, no stealing, keep promises. This universal Moral Law can't be explained by evolution (which concerns survival, not justice) but points to a moral Lawgiver.
Paul says in Romans that even Gentiles who never heard God's law show that the work of the law is written on their hearts, while their conscience also bears witness (Rom 2:15). Conscience is God's moral law inscribed on every heart.
This doesn't mean atheists can't be good people (they can). But without God, good has no objective meaning. Atheists can live moral lives, but their worldview cannot provide morality's foundation.